Global Risks Report 2. Reports. Every step forward in artificial intelligence (AI) challenges assumptions about what machines can do. Myriad opportunities for economic benefit have created a stable flow of investment into AI research and development, but with the opportunities come risks to decision- making, security and governance. Increasingly intelligent systems supplanting both blue- and white- collar employees are exposing the fault lines in our economic and social systems and requiring policy- makers to look for measures that will build resilience to the impact of automation. Leading entrepreneurs and scientists are also concerned about how to engineer intelligent systems as these systems begin implicitly taking on social obligations and responsibilities, and several of them penned an Open Letter on Research Priorities for Robust and Beneficial Artificial Intelligence in late 2. Whether or not we are comfortable with AI may already be moot: more pertinent questions might be whether we can and ought to build trust in systems that can make decisions beyond human oversight that may have irreversible consequences.

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Growing Investment, Benefits and Potential Risk. By providing new information and improving decision- making through data- driven strategies, AI could potentially help to solve some of the complex global challenges of the 2. Start- ups specializing in AI applications received US$2. US$1. 5 billion in the first half of 2. Government programmes and existing technology companies add further billions (Figure 3.

Leading players are not just hiring from universities, they are hiring the universities: Amazon, Google and Microsoft have moved to funding professorships and directly acquiring university researchers in the search for competitive advantage. Machine learning techniques are now revealing valuable patterns in large data sets and adding value to enterprises by tackling problems at a scale beyond human capability. For example, Stanford’s computational pathologist (C- Path) has highlighted unnoticed indicators for breast cancer by analysing thousands of cellular features on hundreds of tumour images,4 while Deep. Mind increased the power usage efficiency of Alphabet Inc.’s data centres by 1. AI applications can reduce costs and improve diagnostics with staggering speed and surprising creativity. The generic term AI covers a wide range of capabilities and potential capabilities. Some serious thinkers fear that AI could one day pose an existential threat: a “superintelligence” might pursue goals that prove not to be aligned with the continued existence of humankind.

Such fears relate to “strong” AI or “artificial general intelligence” (AGI), which would be the equivalent of human- level awareness, but which does not yet exist. Current AI applications are forms of “weak” or “narrow” AI or “artificial specialized intelligence” (ASI); they are directed at solving specific problems or taking actions within a limited set of parameters, some of which may be unknown and must be discovered and learned. Tasks such as trading stocks, writing sports summaries, flying military planes and keeping a car within its lane on the highway are now all within the domain of ASI. Watch Online Watch Take Off Full Movie Online Film. As ASI applications expand, so do the risks of these applications operating in unforeseeable ways or outside the control of humans. The 2. 01. 0 and 2. ASI applications can have unanticipated real- world impacts, while Alpha. Go shows how ASI can surprise human experts with novel but effective tactics (Box 3.

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In combination with robotics, AI applications are already affecting employment and shaping risks related to social inequality. AI has great potential to augment human decision- making by countering cognitive biases and making rapid sense of extremely large data sets: at least one venture capital firm has already appointed an AI application to help determine its financial decisions. Gradually removing human oversight can increase efficiency and is necessary for some applications, such as automated vehicles. However, there are dangers in coming to depend entirely on the decisions of AI systems when we do not fully understand how the systems are making those decisions. Box 3. 2. 1: Artificial Intelligence and the Future of Warfareby Jean- Marc Rickli, Geneva Centre for Security Policy. One sector that saw the huge disruptive potential of AI from an early stage is the military. The weaponization of AI will represent a paradigm shift in the way wars are fought, with profound consequences for international security and stability.

Serious investment in autonomous weapon systems (AWS) began a few years ago; in July 2. Pentagon’s Defense Science Board published its first study on autonomy, but there is no consensus yet on how to regulate the development of these weapons. The international community started to debate the emerging technology of lethal autonomous weapons systems (LAWS) in the framework of the United Nations Convention on Conventional Weapon (CCW) in 2. Yet, so far, states have not agreed on how to proceed. Those calling for a ban on AWS fear that human beings will be removed from the loop, leaving decisions on the use lethal force to machines, with ramifications we do not yet understand. There are lessons here from non- military applications of AI.

Consider the example of Alpha. Go, the AI Go- player created by Google’s Deep. Mind division, which in March last year beat the world’s second- best human player. Some of Alpha. Go’s moves puzzled observers, because they did not fit usual human patterns of play. Deep. Mind CEO Demis Hassabis explained the reason for this difference as follows: “unlike humans, the Alpha. Go program aims to maximize the probability of winning rather than optimizing margins”. If this binary logic – in which the only thing that matters is winning while the margin of victory is irrelevant – were built into an autonomous weapons system, it would lead to the violation of the principle of proportionality, because the algorithm would see no difference between victories that required it to kill one adversary or 1,0.

Autonomous weapons systems will also have an impact on strategic stability. Since 1. 94. 5, the global strategic balance has prioritized defensive systems – a priority that has been conducive to stability because it has deterred attacks. However, the strategy of choice for AWS will be based on swarming, in which an adversary’s defence system is overwhelmed with a concentrated barrage of coordinated simultaneous attacks.